State testing is among the most widely used tools for evaluating public schools, with exams given annually to students of all grade levels. Though standardized tests have a history of mishaps — most recently in Tennessee, where officials suspended elementary and middle school testing because of a failure by vendors to deliver tests on time — they remain a valued method of assessing performance.
With this in mind, StartClass ranked the states based on their performance on assessment test scores using data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress, also known as the "Nation's Report Card." The NAEP is America's "largest continuing and nationally representative assessment of what our nation’s students know and can do in select subjects" and was first administered in 1969. These results are for states from the 2015 reading and math assessments for Grades 4 and 8, both deemed critical junctures in academic achievement. Results for Grade 12 from 2015 from each state have not yet been released.
States are ranked based on the average percent of students who scored proficient or above on math and reading tests for the two grades. The math assessment measures students' knowledge and skill in mathematics and their ability to apply their knowledge in problem-solving situations. The reading assessment measures students' reading comprehension by asking them to read grade-appropriate materials and answer questions based on what they have read.
Note: In the event of ties, the state with the higher Grade 8 math proficiency rate was ranked higher on the list.
#50. Nex Mexico
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 22.8 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 27 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 23 percent
Grade 8 Math: 21 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 20 percent
#49. Alabama
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 24.5 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 26 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 29 percent
Grade 8 Math: 17 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 26 percent
#48. Mississippi
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 24.5 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 30 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 26 percent
Grade 8 Math: 22 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 20 percent
#47. Louisiana
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 25 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 30 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 29 percent
Grade 8 Math: 18 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 23 percent
#46. West Virginia
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 27.8 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 33 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 30 percent
Grade 8 Math: 21 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 27 percent
#45. California
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 28 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 29 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 28 percent
Grade 8 Math: 27 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 28 percent
#44. Nevada
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 28.5 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 32 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 29 percent
Grade 8 Math: 26 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 27 percent
#43. Arkansas
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 29 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 32 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 32 percent
Grade 8 Math: 25 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 27 percent
#42. Oklahoma
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 30.5 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 37 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 33 percent
Grade 8 Math: 23 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 29 percent
#41. South Carolina
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 30.8 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 36 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 33 percent
Grade 8 Math: 26 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 28 percent
#40. Hawaii
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 30.8 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 38 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 29 percent
Grade 8 Math: 30 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 26 prcent
#39. Michigan
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 31 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 34 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 29 percent
Grade 8 Math: 29 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 32 percent
#38. Georgia
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 31.8 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 35 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 34 percent
Grade 8 Math: 28 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 30 percent
#37. Alaska
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 32 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 35 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 30 percent
Grade 8 Math: 32 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 31 percent
#36. Arizona
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 33.5 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 38 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 30 percent
Grade 8 Math: 35 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 31 percent
#35. Tennessee
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 33.8 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 40 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 33 percent
Grade 8 Math: 29 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 33 percent
#34. Delaware
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 33.8 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 37 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 37 percent
Grade 8 Math: 30 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 31 percent
#33. New York
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 33.8 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 35 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 36 percent
Grade 8 Math: 31 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 33 percent
#32. Texas
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 33.8 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 44 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 31 percent
Grade 8 Math: 32 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 28 percent
#31. Florida
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 34.3 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 42 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 39 percent
Grade 8 Math: 26 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 30 percent
#30. Illinois
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 34.8 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 37 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 35 percent
Grade 8 Math: 32 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 35 percent
#29. Missouri
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 35.3 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 38 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 36 percent
Grade 8 Math: 31 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 36 percent
#28. Oregon
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 35.3 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 37 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 34 percent
Grade 8 Math: 34 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 36 percent
#27. South Dakota
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 35.8 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 40 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 35 percent
Grade 8 Math: 34 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 34 percent
#26. Kentucky
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 36 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 40 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 40 percent
Grade 8 Math: 28 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 36 percent
#25. Rhode Island
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 36 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 37 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 40 percent
Grade 8 Math: 32 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 35 percent
#24. Kansas
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 36 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 41 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 35 percent
Grade 8 Math: 33 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 35 percent
#23. North Carolina
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 36.3 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 44 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 38 percent
Grade 8 Math: 33 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 30 percent
#22. Idaho
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 36.3 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 38 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 36 percent
Grade 8 Math: 34 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 37 percent
#21. Maine
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 37 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 41 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 36 percent
Grade 8 Math: 35 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 36 percent
#20. Maryland
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 37.3 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 40 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 37 percent
Grade 8 Math: 35 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 37 percent
#19. Ohio
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 38.5 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 45 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 38 percent
Grade 8 Math: 35 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 36 percent
#18. Montana
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 38.5 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 41 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 37 percent
Grade 8 Math: 39 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 37 percent
#17. Iowa
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 38.8 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 44 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 38 percent
Grade 8 Math: 37 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 36 percent
#16. North Dakota
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 38.8 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 45 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 37 percent
Grade 8 Math: 39 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 34 percent
#15. Colorado
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 39.3 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 43 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 39 percent
Grade 8 Math: 37 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 38 percent
#14. Wyoming
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 40 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 48 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 41 percent
Grade 8 Math: 35 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 36 percent
#13. Utah
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 40 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 44 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 40 percent
Grade 8 Math: 38 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 38 percent
#12. Pennsylvania
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 40.3 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 45 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 41 percent
Grade 8 Math: 36 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 39 percent
#11. Nebraska
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 40.5 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 46 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 40 percent
Grade 8 Math: 38 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 38 percent
#10. Wisconsin
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 40.5 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 45 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 37 percent
Grade 8 Math: 41 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 39 percent
#9. Connecticut
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 40.8 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 41 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 43 percent
Grade 8 Math: 36 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 43 percent
#8. Washington
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 40.8 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 47 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 40 percent
Grade 8 Math: 39 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 37 percent
#7. Virginia
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 41 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 47 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 43 percent
Grade 8 Math: 38 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 36 percent
#6. Indiana
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 41.5 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 50 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 40 percent
Grade 8 Math: 39 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 37 percent
#5. Vermont
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 43.5 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 43 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 45 percent
Grade 8 Math: 42 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 44 percent
#4. New Jersey
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 44.3 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 47 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 43 percent
Grade 8 Math: 46 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 41 percent
#3. Minnesota
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 45 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 53 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 39 percent
Grade 8 Math: 48 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 40 percent
#2. New Hampshire
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 47 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 51 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 46 percent
Grade 8 Math: 46 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 45 percent
#1. Massachusetts
Average percent of students at or above proficient: 50.3 percent
Percent of students at or above proficient in:
Grade 4 Math: 54 percent
Grade 4 Reading: 50 percent
Grade 8 Math: 51 percent
Grade 8 Reading: 46 percent
Related Slideshow: MA’s Top 100 High Schools 2015 - #50 to #1
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Elisha Yaffe (comedian, actor and producer) Naia Kete (singer/songwriter who was featured on The Voice in 2012), Seth Glier (singer/songwriter who was nominated for a Grammy award in 2012 for his album The Next Right Thing), Sonya Kitchell (singer/songwriter), and Zoe Weizenbaum (actor).
Claim to Fame: Upperclassmen at Norfolk County Agricultural can acquire on-the-job training and demonstrate work readiness through the Cooperative Education Program.
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Hal Gill (National Hockey League player with the Nashville Predators), Koren Zailckas (Author of bestselling book Smashed), and Clive Weeden (Professional basketball player).
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Bill Curley (Former NBA forward), Juliana Hatfield (Indie rock singer), Max Quinzani (Major League Lacrosse player), and Don Webber (High School football player who earned All-Patriot League honors).
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Jennifer Coolidgev(Actress who appeared in American Pie as Stifler's Mom), Jeff Corwin (Host of The Jeff Corwin Experience and Corwin's Quest on Animal Planet) Jennifer Reed (Award winning children's book author), Susan Tedeschi (American Blues and soul singer), and Colin Reed (Press Secretary for Senator Scott Brown).
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Michael Bowman (actor in Me, Myself and Irene), Dane Cook (Actor and comedian), Alan Hovhaness (Composer), Jim Driscoll (Former MLB player for the Oakland Athletics and Texas Rangers), Olympia Dukakis (Oscar Winning Actress), Andy Powers (Professional hockey player), John A. Kelley (2-Time Boston Marathon Winner), Alan "Blind Owl" Wilson (Guitarist/songwriter of Canned Heat), Chris Leary (actor), Carl Sumner (Former MLB player for the Boston Red Sox), and Liam Ezekiel (Former NFL player).
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Mike DeVito (NFL defensive lineman for the Kansas City Chiefs) and Meghan Trainor (Singer/songwriter currently signed to Epic Records).
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Keith Ablow (American psychiatrist and Fox News political commentator), Shalane Flanagan (Olympic bronze medalist in the 10,000m), Joel Mark Noe (Pioneering reconstructive surgeon and Harvard Medical School professor), Cory Schneider (American professional ice hockey goaltender), and Rob Delaney (American comedian and writer).
Claim to Fame: Since 2009, when Community Charter School of Cambridge graduated its first class, 100% of seniors have been admitted to college, 90% to four-year schools.
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Bridget Moynahan (Actress), Steve Courson (Offensive Guard for the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers), Aaron Lewis (Lead singer of the band Staind), Jay Heaps (Coach of the New England Revolution), Craig E. Campbell (Alaska's 12th Lieutenant Governor and retired Lieutenant General of the Alaska National Guard), Joey Santiago (Lead guitarist of The Pixies), Joe Philbin (Current head coach of the Miami Dolphins), Meghann Fahy (Actress), Marisa Mosely (Assistant Coach for the UCONN Women's Basketball), Andrea Leers (Principal of Leers-Weinzapfel Associates and world-renowned architects), and Michael Palmer MD (Best-selling novelist).
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Jon Finn (award-winning guitarist), John Harrington (Former CEO of the Boston Red Sox), Peter S. Pezzati (Portrait painter), Jackie MacMullan (Newspaper sportswriter and NBA columnist for ESPN.com), and Douglas Mackinnon (Former White House and Pentagon official and bestselling author).
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Mark Sweeney (Former professional baseball player), Kara Wolters (Former US Women's Olympic Basketball Team), Paul Loscocco (Former member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives), and Adam Green (Filmmaker).
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Patrick Aufiero (Professional Hockey Player), Joe Bellino (Won the Heisman Trophy in 1960, and later played for the Boston Patriots), Pat Badger (Bassist for the band Extreme), Bob Bigelow (NBA player), John Cazale (Actor in The Godfather and other films) Janet Doub Erickson (Graphic artist and author), Tony Fryklund (MMA fighter), Wally Gagel, (Music Producer), Art Johnson (Played for the Boston Braves), and Kofi Kingston (WWE Wrestler).
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Eric Johnson (Former NFL Tight End), Mike Tannenbaum (Executive VP of Football Operations for the Miami Dolphins), Bert and John Jacobs (Founders of the 'Life is Good' T-shirt company), Robbie Ftorek (NHL coach), Karl Ravech (ESPN Baseball Tonight anchor), Sarah Saltzberg (Actress/singer), Jeff Taylor (Founder of Monster.com), Sunita Williams (NASA astronaut), Lee Eisenberg (Film and television writer), Charles D. Baker (Governor of Massachusetts), Aly Raisman (Won the Olympic gold medal in London 2012 for gymnastics), Steven Hauschka (NFL Kicker), and James S. Gracey (Former Commandant of the United States Coast Guard).
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Ben Affleck (Actor), Casey Affleck (Actor), Leroy Anderson (Composer), Orson Bean (Actor), Traci Bingham (Actress and model), Walter Brennan (Actor and three-time Academy Award winner), Max Casella (Actor), Peggy Cass (Actress and comedian), Eric Cornell (2001 Nobel Prize in Physics), E. E. Cummings (Poet), and Matt Damon (Actor).
Claim to Fame: Medfield High School is committed Challenging academics, Lifelong learning, Excellence, Achievement of personal success, and Respect (CLEAR).
Claim to Fame: Student learning at Mt. Greylock Regional high is enhanced by the close proximity of three museums (Clark Art Institute, Williams College Museum of Art, and MASS MoCA).
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Seth Abramson (Poet), Tom Barrasso (Member of the 2002 U.S. Silver Medal hockey team and in the NHL hall of fame), Bob Brooke (NHL hockey player), Drew Houston (Dropbox founder), Maria Konnikova (Journalist), Jeff Norton (NHL hockey player), Caroll Spinney (Sesame Street puppeteer who performs Big Bird), Evelyn Stevens (cyclist), Bob Sweeney (NHL hockey player), and Pat Morris (NHL hockey player).
Claim to Fame: Manchester Essex Regional High offers Senior Choice of Related Experience (SCORE), which is an internship program that allows students to gain hands-on learning in a field of their choice.
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Annie Baker (Pulitzer Prize winning playwright), Thomas Bezucha (Film director and writer of Big Eden and The Family Stone), John Henry (Former MLB player), James Ihedigbo (NFL safety for the Detroit Lions), Amory Lovins (CEO of the Rocky Mountain Institute), Eric Mabius (Actor), Julie McNiven (Actress), Ellen Moran (Chief of Staff to the U.S. Secretary of Commerce), Ebon Moss-Bachrach (Actor), Perry Moss (NBA player), Benjamin Nugent (Writer), Gil Penchina (CEO of Wikia), and Robbie Russell (MLS player)
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Chester G. Atkins (Former Congressman from Massachusetts's 5th congressional distric), Bob Diamond (CEO of Barclays), Richard Fadden (CSIS Director), Kristin Hedstrom (USA Rowing national team member and London 2012 Olympian), Sam Presti (General Manager of the NBA's Oklahoma City Thunder), Ted Sarandis (Sports radio personality), and John Tortorella (Former head coach of NHL's New York Rangers).
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Keir O'Donnell (Starred in the popular comedy movie the Wedding Crashers) and Lynn Jennings (In 1992 she became the first American woman to win an Olympic medal in long-distance track).
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Doug Ardito (Guitarist for Puddle of Mudd), Steve Shea (Former MLB player), John Rennie (Former editor in chief of Scientific American magazine), Taec Yeon Ok (Actor), John Ferrillo (Boston Symphony Orchestra), and Bonnie Comley (Broadway Actress and Producer).
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Katharine Lee Bates (Composer of America the Beautiful), Amalie Benjamin (Boston Red Sox reporter for The Boston Globe), Louis C. K. (Stand-up comedian) Jim Corsi (MLB pitcher), Michael Thomas (author), and Matt LeBlanc (Actor).
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Lynne Berry (Children's author), Mike Croel (NFL linebacker), Chris Evans (Actor), Scott Evans (Actor), Diana Golden (Gold medal in Disabled skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics), Mike Gordon (Bassist from the band Phish), Maggie Hassan (Governor of New Hampshire), Robert Kirshner (Astrophysicist and author), John Linnell and John Flansburgh (founders of the band They Might Be Giants), and Joe Sims (NFL tackle/guard).
Claim to Fame: Newton South High has the Newton-Beijing Jingshan School Exchange Program which is the oldest public secondary school student exchange between the U.S. and the People's Republic of China.
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Samuel Adams Wisner (Rapper), Daniel Roberts (Journalist at Fortune magazine), Taylor Schilling (Actress), Ryan Sypek (Actor), Justin Lerner (Film director / writer), Evan Sneider (Actor), Sarah Hurwitz (Speechwriter to Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama), Gary Gray (Host and producer of the Playboy TV series The Helmetcam Show), Gregg Kavet (Writer and co-executive producer of Seinfeld), Phil Regan (Former manager and MLB player), Scott Levin (Television news anchor for WGRZ Buffalo, NY), Alberto Salazar (Winner of the Boston Marathon and three-time winner of the New York City Marathon), and Elliott Francis (Television/Radio news anchor).
Claim to Fame: Advanced Math and Science Academy offers more than ten computer science classes to students: ranging from Game Design to Intro to Java/Networking.
Claim to Fame: Lenox Memorial High has a school Literary Magazine in which the literary works of students are published. The magazine is called the Gr8 Lit Mag.
Claim to Fame: Dan Itse (New Hampshire Representative), Chad Urmston (Singer-songwriter of Dispatch), Kenny Florian (Retired MMA fighter for UFC), Paul Calello (Chairman Credit Suisse), Dan Bennett (Defense Attorney who received the Massachusetts lawyer of the year award in 2013), and Marilyn Mosby (State's Attorney for Baltimore City).
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Zachary Lemnios (Assistant Secretary of Defense), Ron Lee (Former NBA player), Dinny McNamara (Former MLB player for the Boston Braves), Ethan Zohn (Winner of Survivor: Africa), and Don Nottebart (Former MLB Player).
Claim to Fame: Famous alumni include Laurel Coppock (Actress) Grover Norquist (President of Americans for Tax Reform), Alec Sulkin (Writer and producer of Family Guy), and David Fran (Founding member of the 1980s R&B group The System).
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